Thulhaadhoo Island: The Maritime Origins and Cultural Exchange Behind Maldivian Lacquerwork

This art form is particularly associated with the island of Thulhaadhoo in Baa Atoll

Lacquerwork, the intricate art of applying lacquer to create both decorative and protective coatings, boasts a rich and storied history that spans thousands of years, with its origins deeply embedded in the cultural practices of East Asia. The earliest evidence of lacquer use can be traced back to China during the Neolithic period, around 5000 BCE. Artisans of this time skillfully utilized the sap extracted from the Toxicodendron vernicifluum tree, commonly known as the lacquer tree, to coat various objects. This sap, when applied, not only enhanced the aesthetic appeal of items but also provided a durable finish that protected them from the ravages of time and environmental elements. As the centuries progressed, this remarkable craft spread beyond the borders of China to neighboring countries such as Japan, Korea, and throughout Southeast Asia. Each region adopted the basic techniques of lacquer application but subsequently evolved its own distinct styles and methods, reflecting local traditions, available materials, and cultural influences.

Urushi lacquerware, a Japanese art form with a history of several millennia

In Japan, for example, lacquerwork developed into a highly refined art form, characterized by intricate designs and the incorporation of gold and silver leaf, while in Korea, it became known for its bold colors and unique motifs. In the Maldives, particularly on the island of Thulhaadhoo in Baa Atoll, lacquerwork has emerged as a unique and vibrant tradition known locally as liyelaa jehun. This craft has been adapted to suit the specific conditions of the island, drawing inspiration from the abundant natural resources available in the surrounding marine environment. The proximity of Thulhaadhoo to the Baa Atoll Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO site designated in 2011, has further enriched this craft. The reserve is renowned for its diverse marine life and ecosystems, which have influenced the themes and designs found in local lacquerwork, often reflecting the beauty and richness of the ocean. the origins, techniques, cultural significance, and ecological connections of Thulhaadhoo’s lacquerwork, highlighting its role as a cultural bridge that links global artistic traditions with the Maldives’ unique maritime heritage. The exploration of this craft not only emphasizes its aesthetic value but also showcases its importance in preserving the identity and history of the Maldivian people. By understanding the intricate processes involved in lacquer application, from the harvesting of sap to the meticulous layering and polishing techniques, we can appreciate the skill and dedication of the artisans who continue to practice this age-old tradition. Furthermore, the cultural narratives embedded within the designs serve as a testament to the island's history, its connection to the sea, and the ongoing dialogue between local and global artistic expressions.

The Maldives is known for its ancient lacquer craft, called Liyelaa Jehun Thulhaadhoo Island

Thulhaadhoo’s strategic location within Baa Atoll, approximately 119.59 km north of the bustling capital city, Malé, has historically positioned it as a vibrant trade hub that has fostered significant cultural exchanges and interactions throughout the centuries. This unique geographical setting has not only facilitated trade but has also allowed for a rich tapestry of cultural influences to weave through the island's history. The Baa Atoll itself comprises a total of 75 islands, of which 13 are inhabited, collectively home to over 11,000 residents who contribute to a diverse cultural landscape. This varied population has played an instrumental role in shaping the lacquerwork tradition, a craft that reflects a confluence of artistic influences, techniques, and styles that have evolved and matured over generations, absorbing elements from both local and foreign cultures. The marine motifs commonly found in Thulhaadhoo’s lacquerwork—depicting fish, waves, and intricate coral-like patterns—serve as a testament to the Maldives’ deep-rooted oceanic identity and the profound relationship the islanders have with the surrounding sea. Each piece of lacquerwork not only showcases the artisans' skills but also narrates the stories of the ocean, echoing the rhythms of the tides and the vibrant life beneath the waves. Furthermore, this artistic expression is amplified by Thulhaadhoo’s proximity to the Baa Atoll Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO-designated sanctuary teeming with an astounding array of marine life, including majestic manta rays, gentle whale sharks, and diverse reef ecosystems. The ecological significance of this reserve not only enriches the artistic inspiration for lacquer artisans but also highlights the importance of sustainable practices in preserving both cultural heritage and the natural environment, ensuring that future generations can continue to draw inspiration from their surroundings while maintaining a harmonious balance with nature.

Techniques and Local Adaptation

Thulhaadhoo’s lacquerwork techniques demonstrate remarkable adaptation to local conditions and resources, showcasing the ingenuity of its artisans.

The artisans traditionally used a variety of locally sourced materials, each with unique properties that contribute to the crafting of their intricate designs and functional items. Among these materials, coconut wood stands out as a fundamental resource. The versatility of coconut wood is remarkable; it is not only abundant due to the widespread cultivation of coconut palms in the Maldives, but it also possesses a natural resilience that makes it an ideal choice for crafting various items. The artisans skillfully utilize every part of the coconut tree, from the trunk to the fronds, showcasing their deep understanding of sustainable practices and respect for nature.

Another significant wood used in traditional craftsmanship is "Kaani wood," derived from the Sea Trumpet tree, scientifically recognized as *Cordia subcordata*. This particular wood is celebrated for its durability and resistance to decay, making it suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications. The artisans appreciate its fine grain and rich color, which add aesthetic appeal to the finished products. The Sea Trumpet tree thrives in coastal areas, further emphasizing the artisans' connection to their environment and the resources it provides.

Additionally, the wood from the *Dhiggaa*, commonly known as sea hibiscus or beach hibiscus, is favored for its lightweight and workable nature. This wood is often used to create items that require delicate craftsmanship, enabling artisans to produce intricate designs that reflect the cultural heritage of the Maldives. The soft texture of *Dhiggaa* wood allows for easy carving and shaping, making it a popular choice for detailed ornamental pieces.

The *Hirundhu*, or Portia tree (*Thespesia populnea*), also plays a crucial role in traditional Maldivian craftsmanship. This tropical tree is predominantly found in coastal regions and is valued for its strong yet pliable wood. Artisans utilize *Hirundhu* wood for its ability to withstand the harsh coastal climate, ensuring that the crafted items maintain their integrity over time. The unique characteristics of this wood allow for the creation of both functional and decorative pieces, showcasing the artisans' creativity and skill.

Moreover, Kinbi wood, sourced from the Kinbi tree (*Hibiscus tiliaceus*), further enriches the artisans' repertoire. This wood is known for its lightness, making it an excellent choice for crafting larger items or pieces that require ease of handling. Its soft texture allows artisans to carve intricate designs while maintaining durability, ensuring that the finished products are both beautiful and practical.

Lastly, the wood from the Breadfruit tree is also traditionally used in the Maldives for crafting items, particularly large malaafaiy. The Breadfruit tree wood is characterized by its lightness and softness, which makes it easy to work with. Its durability ensures that the crafted items can withstand the test of time, making them not only functional but also cherished heirlooms that can be passed down through generations. The artisans' ability to blend these various types of wood highlights their skill and the rich natural resources available in the Maldives, allowing them to create exquisite pieces that reflect both their cultural identity and their craftsmanship.

These trees have historical and cultural significance.

, which were specifically chosen for their durability and resilience in the humid tropical climate that characterizes the Maldives. These woods were skillfully shaped using hand-driven lathes known as dhunrondu, which are operated by foot or hand, allowing for precise crafting of various items such as bowls, boxes, and malaafaiy (traditional decorative containers). This hands-on approach not only emphasizes the craftsmanship involved but also reflects the deep-rooted traditions that have been passed down through generations. Multiple thin layers of resin, likely imported or locally compounded due to the absence of lacquer trees in the region, were meticulously applied to the crafted items. Each layer was allowed to dry and was polished with natural abrasives such as coral or sand, resulting in a glossy and durable finish that enhances the beauty of the final product.

Lacquer work from the ceiling of the 367 years of old Friday Mosque in Male' /Photo credit Najih Didi

The vibrant colors—red, black, yellow, and green—were derived from natural pigments, which adorned the lacquered pieces with intricate Islamic geometric designs or marine-inspired motifs, echoing the underwater world of Baa Atoll’s lagoons and the rich biodiversity found within.

By the 20th century, as tourism in the Maldives thrived, the artisans of Thulhaadhoo adeptly managed the challenges and opportunities brought by the increasing interest from visitors. Through innovation, collaboration, and a strong dedication to their cultural heritage, they have not only improved their livelihoods but also enriched the cultural landscape of the Maldives. This seamless integration of tradition and modernity highlights the resilience and creativity of Thulhaadhoo's artisans, ensuring their legacy continues to prosper in a constantly evolving world. This traditional technique allowed for a more efficient production process while maintaining the traditional aesthetics and cultural significance of the craft. This shift reflects the broader modernization of the Maldives, where artisans strive to preserve their rich heritage while meeting the contemporary demands of a changing economy, ensuring that the art of lacquerwork remains relevant and valued today.

The craft's durability, well-suited to the region's climate, made it both functional and decorative, showcasing Thulhaadhoo's ingenuity. The intricate craftsmanship, deeply embedded in the island's identity, represents a harmonious blend of tradition and modernity. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, preserving and promoting such traditional arts becomes crucial, not only for the communities that practice them but also for the global cultural heritage they represent.

With ongoing support and recognition, the legacy of Thulhaadhoo's lacquer work can thrive for generations, honoring the island's unique heritage and its enduring connection to the craft.